In this study, it was aimed to determine the effect of the intention to buy domestic products on consumer ethnocentrism. For this purpose, data were collected by conducting a survey with 600 people in Türkiye between February and May 2022. Descriptive statistics were used in the analysis of the data. In addition, the Structural Equation Model (SEM) was used to measure the effect of domestic product purchase intention on consumer ethnocentrism. As a result of the study, it was determined that very few of the consumers knew the concept of consumer ethnocentrism (11.83%). The consumers’ 30.17% reported that they always show consumer ethnocentrism, while 36.67% sometimes show consumer ethnocentrism. According to the SEM model, on the intention to purchase domestic products; nationalism, domestic product and country of origin factors were found to be effective, consumer ethnocentrism was determined by the intention to purchase domestic products, domestic product and country of origin factor. This study is of significant importance in determining the purchasing behavior of consumers in Türkiye regarding domestic products and their levels of ethnocentrism. It serves as a guiding tool for actors operating in national and international markets to identify the necessary policies and marketing strategies to be followed.

This study was conducted to determine the potential of bacterial strains isolated from different sources under in vitro and in vivo conditions to inhibit the growth of Erwinia amylovora. Five E. amylovora strains isolated from apple (Malus domestica L.) trees showing disease symptoms in Igdir-Türkiye province were used as pathogen. 130 bacteria were tested against the pathogen in vitro and 34 of them were found to be effective. The biocontrol effect of 34 bacteria was tested by shoot inoculation under in vivo conditions. Pseudomonas putida strain BY-6 and Pantoea agglomerans strain MU-1 were found to be the most successful strains, preventing the disease by 80%. It was determined that other strains prevented the development of the disease by 9-60%. The in vitro mechanisms of action (ACC-deaminase, HCN and siderophore production, protease, cellulase and chitinase activities) of strains with biocontrol activity were determined. The findings show that positive results can be obtained in disease control by including effective strains in the integrated control of the pathogen.

Concerning tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) producers the size and color of the leaf are important factors in understanding the quality grade of tobacco leaves in the market. The color of tobacco leaves serves as an indicator of quality and is referred to as the maturity index when determining the optimal time for harvesting. In this study, a hybrid mobile application was developed to help determine the harvest time. CoLab was preferred as the backend. Python Imaging Library (Pillow) was used for image processing on the server side. Color correction was performed on the images taken with the help of X-rite. The correlated color temperature (CCT) value of the repaired images was calculated. The CCT values were calculated using the Ohno method. Quality grade (QG) was calculated using the mean CCT value. The data of the images obtained depending on the time were used in the application as a graphic. We present quality grade of tobacco automatically identifying the plant leaves in a given image with the help of the mobile application.

In the present study, the drought tolerance potential of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) seeds under different boron (B) levels were assessed. One chickpea (Azkan) and one lentil cultivar (Sahan) were selected for the genetic material. To provide drought condition, different level of polyethylene glycol solution (PEG 6000) was applied to seeds. Germination experiments were performed under PEG-induced stress to create water potentials of 0 (control), -2, and -4 MPa. Then, boron was applied as H3BO3 at 0 (control), 5, and 10 mM. The effects of these abiotic stresses were determined with the measurement parameters of germination rate and root traits. Drought stress adversely affected germination rate and seedling growth characteristics in chickpea and lentil. Especially, seed germination rate is extremely reduced by increased levels of drought stress. An increase in PEG levels from 0 to -4 MPa drastically decreased root and shoot width, and shoot length in chickpea whereas they did not generate a significant difference in seedling growth traits except for root width in lentil. Additionally, the results showed that increasing B treatments decreased the germination rate in both chickpea and lentil. The low concentration of B (5 mM) increased root and shoot length; however, a remarkable decrease was observed in root and shoot growth traits at the highest concentration of B (10 mM). The overall findings show that germination and seedling growth parameters were greatly inhibited by different concentrations of PEG and > 10 mM B levels for chickpea and lentil production.

This study aimed to evaluate the phytochemical components, antimicrobial activity, and antioxidant activity of 80% ethanol extract of Scorzonera tomentosa, an endemic species. The chemical constituents of the ethanolic extract of S. tomentosa was primarily characterized by gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis (GC-MS), ten components were identified. The major component was found as 2-pentanamine (35.68%). When the antioxidant capacity of S. tomentosa was examined, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activities were determined to be quite high compared to the reference drug (IC50 values; DPPH: 517.0 ± 1.86 µg mL-1; ABTS: 244.8 ± 0.94 µg mL-1; reference drug: 1.313 ± 0.24 µg mL-1). In addition, according to total phenol content and total flavonoid content analyses, it was determined that the plant is richer in flavonoids. The antimicrobial activity of this species is not at an effective level. More extensive studies with S. tomentosa may allow the plant to be used as a natural antioxidant.

This study was conducted in 2018 and 2019, and it investigated the effects of different soil tillage and sowing methods ?T1: Conventional (plough+goble discharrow+harrow+sowing machine), T2: Reduced (combined rototiller-chisel-roller toothed harrow+sowing machine), T3: Reduced (chisel+goble discharrow+harrow+sowing machine), T4: Direct sowing on stubble ridge, T5: Direct sowing? on some physical properties of soil and plant emergence parameters in second-product soybean cultivation, following the wheat harvest. As a result of the study, the lowest soil bulk density value was obtained in the application of the traditional tillage and sowing method (T1) at 0-10 and 10-20 cm soil depth in the first and second years, while the highest soil bulk density value was determined in the application of the direct sowing (T5). Soil penetration resistance values showed a positive correlation with soil bulk density values in both years. Different tillage and sowing methods led to changes in the mean germination time; between 4.87-5.14 days in the first year and 4.23-5.08 days in the second year. In addition, the highest seedling emergence percentage for both years was determined as 91.18%-94.95% in the application of T4 tillage and sowing methods, respectively. The results of this study indicated that direct sowing on the stubble ridge (T4) method, which increases seedling emergence percentage, can be recommended to producers in the cultivation of soybean grown as the second crop.

In this study, the consumption of pepper paste, consumption preferences and the factors affecting the consumption of pepper paste in Bahçe district of Osmaniye province were discussed; In addition, the relationship between pepper paste consumption and some socio-economic characteristics was investigated. In the study, a survey was conducted with 160 family members by using the Convenience Sampling Method, which is one of the Non-Probability Sampling Methods. The relationship between the consumption of pepper paste, working status of the mother and the living place of the family was revealed by the chi-square analysis. The factors taken into account in the supply of pepper paste were examined using a 5-point Likert scale and analyzed by finding the mode. The Kruskal-Wallis and the Mann Whitney-U tests were used to determine the relationships between the issues that consumers pay attention to when purchasing pepper paste and some socio-economic characteristics. According to the results of the study, it was determined that there was a significant relationship between the dark color and freshness of the pepper paste and the gender, and between the consistency and the monthly income. While all consumers who see the packaging as necessary because it provides protection, prefer packaged pepper paste, all consumers who want to see and buy pepper paste prefer unpackaged pepper paste regardless of protection.

Geo-marked Çelikhan tobacco grown in Çelikhan district of Adiyaman province is an significant agricultural activity and income source for the region. The intensive use of pesticides at many stages of tobacco farming from seedlings to harvest causes harmful effects on human and environmental health, especially the residue issue. Thus, there is a need to evaluate the use of pesticides in tobacco farming and to assess the level of awareness of farmers on agricultural pest management. In the study, it was aimed to reveal the amount and usage patterns of pesticides in tobacco farming and to evaluate the level of awareness of farmers on agricultural pest management. The material of the study consisted of the data obtained from 94 farmers growing tobacco in Çelikhan district through questionnaires. As a result of the research, it was observed that 44.0 %, 45.0 %, and 11.0 % of the farmers had low, medium, and high level of pesticide management awareness, respectively. In addition, there was a difference between the awareness levels of the farmers before, during and after the pesticide treatment and it was revealed that the farmers obeyed the rules more strictly before the pesticide treatment. Although farmers had an idea about the harmful effects of pesticides on human health, environmental health and biodiversity, they continue to apply erroneous practices by not giving up traditional practices. In the agricultural education and extension activities planned in the region, supporting the educational contents with visuals in conveying the harmful effects of pesticides and strictly monitoring the use of pesticides based on prescription can help to solve the issues. On the other hand, the direct consumption of Çelikhan tobacco leaves brings pesticide residues to the agenda, and further studies on pesticide residues in tobacco and their effects on human health are needed.

Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is one of the worlds oldest crops with both financial and nutritional importance. Bean common mosaic potyvirus (BCMV) is one of the prevalent viral agents that affect beans across the globe. Determining the presence of the agent in the relevant region is critical for minimizing crop losses by implementing appropriate preventive and control measures. In this study, 73 bean leaf samples were collected from bean-growing areas in the Denizli province of Türkiye in 2022. The samples were screened for the presence of viral agents using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) with specific primers targeting the polypeptide gene. 26 of the bean samples were found to be positive for BCMV. The coat protein gene sequences of two randomly selected positive isolates were sequenced and deposited in the GenBank with accession numbers OQ910196 and OQ910197. The nucleotide sequences of isolates were found to have high similarity with those of isolates identified in various regions of the world. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that these isolates from Denizli, Türkiye were closely related to other Turkish isolates. However, since some Turkish isolates in the cluster associated with the Denizli isolates were identified as belonging to the US-5 or NL-6 strain, the current sequences may be related to these strains. Further research is necessary to identify the exact strain of the Denizli isolates, which could be achieved through the use of a strain differentiation set.

Weeds are among the most significant factors that limit the production of lentils (Lens culinaris Medic.), increase production costs, and reduce yield and quality. This study was aimed at determining the weed species and their densities mixed in lentil crop in Merkez and Kurtalan districts of Siirt province, Türkiye. The study was conducted on samples taken from 70 different lentil product piles, both post-harvest and pre-selector, during the years 2020-2021. The study revealed that lentil products were contaminated with seeds from 43 different weed species belonging to 13 families. The density of weed seeds was 538.6 seeds kg-1, whereas the weight of the weed seeds was 9.58 g kg-1. The species with the highest incidence were Galium spp. (96.96%), Vicia sativa L. (95.45%), Vicia spp. (95.11%), Avena spp. (93.60%), Neslia paniculata subsp. thracica (Velen.) Bornm. (92.08%), Ranunculus arvensis L. (90.23%), Vicia narbonensis L. (71.71%), Cephalaria syriaca (L.) Schrad. (81.98%), Vaccaria hispanica (Mill.) Rauschert (76.43%), Triticum sp. (68.35%), Sinapis arvensis L. (66.66%), Scandix pecten-veneris L. (60.77%) and Hordeum vulgare L. (51.34%). One of the most significant ways of dispersal and spread of weeds is through seed transportation. Therefore, it has been concluded that in the region, seed lentils should be selected from certified varieties or, alternatively, must go through a meticulous selection process using a seed cleaner before being used.

Heavy metals are naturally present in the soils in trace quantity. Besides, some soils include these elements at high levels resulting from the weathering of minerals or human activities. Contamination of these metals has been of great concern in the environment interrelatedly with their toxicity, persistence and non-degradability. So, this article aimed to evaluate heavy metal pollution by using several pollution indices ?contamination factor (CF), degree of contamination (CD), pollution load index (PLI)?, summarization of the sources of heavy metals, and change of these metals along soil depth. For this purpose, 10 coordinated soil samples were taken from 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm depths in the rice fields of Bafra Plain in Samsun-Türkiye. In these samples, some physico-chemical soil characteristics (texture, pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter and lime content, available phosphorus and cation exchange capacity) and heavy metal contents ?Zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr) and lead (Pb)? were determined. According to the results, metal contents were determined between 39.79-58.44 mg kg-1, 32.15-68.31 mg kg-1, 75.68-132.6 mg kg-1, 11.95-18.02 mg kg-1, 0.001-0.278 mg kg-1, 61.88-102.5 mg kg-1, and 9.942-14.67 mg kg-1 for Zn, Cu, Ni, Co, Cd, Cr and Pb, respectively. While Cd content was higher at 0-20 cm depth, Cr, Ni and Zn values were higher at 20-40 cm. Cu, Pb and Co values did not show significant change with depth. Average CF values for heavy metals were determined as Ni>Pb>Cr>Cu>Cd>Zn>Co. Degree of contamination values varied between 4.922-7.848 and PLI values varied between 0.946-1.028. In all elements, CF and CD values were classified in the group of low and moderate contamination. Besides, significant relationships were found between soil physicochemical properties, heavy metal concentrations and pollution indices.

Nitrogen (N) is an essential and limiting nutrient for crop production, as it is a structural part of plants and is involved in various processes. Worldwide, agricultural soils lack one or more essential nutrients, and nitrogen is one of them. Adding a sufficient amount of N will increase production. However, the overuse of N and loss of N from the soil-plant system is detrimental to the environment and results in economic losses. Nitrogen has reactive forms like ammonia, ammonium, nitrate, nitrite, nitric oxide, and nitrous oxide. Some reactive forms of N are harmful to humans, animals, plants, and microbial ecology. Nitrate can cause the eutrophication of surface water and contamination of groundwater. Drinking nitrate-contaminated water can cause methemoglobinemia and other health issues. Nitrous oxide emission depletes the ozone layer and contributes to climate change. Ammonia emissions contribute to acid rain and are also responsible for nitrous oxide emissions. This review addresses different factors/pathways/circumstances that contribute to the loss of N from the soil-plant system and reduce nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). Different factors influence NUE like ammonia volatilization, nitrification, denitrification, immobilization, leaching, runoff, temperature, soil pH, soil texture, rainfall and irrigation, soil salinity, tillage, weeds, pests, diseases, N loss from plants, fires, crop rotation, crop nutrition, crop varieties, and nitrogen management (right time, right source, right place, and right rate/amount).